Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency in Purulia District, West Bengal

Sathi Sampad Roy^1*, N. C. Jana²

¹UGC-SRF, Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, District-Purba Barddhaman-713104,

West Bengal, India.

²Professor, Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Barddhaman-713104,

West Bengal, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: roysathisampad@yahoo.in, jana.narayan@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The present study attempted to discuss and analyses the extent of cultivation, size of plots, system of farming on the cultivated land, cropping pattern (Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency), categories of land etc. and finally the problems and suggestions for better agricultural development in the study area. Purulia district has great physical inequalities in its various geomorphic regions. In the present paper, all the above mentioned aspects except cropping pattern will be discussed on village level data base. Number of maps has been prepared to depict the cropping pattern of highly undulating and rolling topography by using Arc GIS 10.2.1 software. Besides, some statistical methods (productivity index and agricultural efficiency etc.) have been used to study the agricultural land use and production in the study area. Each and every geomorphic region possesses totally different physical characteristics and hence the impact on agricultural land use and production.

KEYWORDS: Geomorphic region, cropping pattern, productivity index, and agricultural efficiency.

INTRODUCTION:

Agriculture serves as the foundation on which the Indian economy rests. Besides providing employment to nearly 70 percent of the population directly or indirectly, feeding the people and contributing substantially to the country’s export and gross domestic product, it is responsible for the growth of industries through supply of raw materials, trade, transport and banking services. Prosperity in agriculture is a pre-requisite to the prosperity of country’s economy. It calls for an intensive use of irrigation, soil conservation, mechanization, improved technology in the form of high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. in order to

increase agricultural productivity. Thus in turn it depends on the adequate availability of credit to the cultivators particularly in view of their poor economic condition. The present paper is an attempt to discuss and analyse the extent of cultivation, size of plots, system of farming on the cultivated land, cropping pattern (agricultural productivity and efficiency), categories of land etc. and finally the problems and suggestions for better agricultural development in the study area. All the above mentioned aspects will be discussed on village level data base.

STUDY AREA:

Purulia, the western most district of West Bengal, is located on the eastern slope of the Chotonagpur Plateau between 22°43′N to 23°42′N and 85°49′E to 86°54′E (Fig.1).

The district is bounded on the north by the Paschim Barddhaman and Dhanbad Districts, on the east by Bankura, on the south by Paschim Medinipur and Singhbhum (Bihar) Districts and on the west by the Ranchi and Hazaribagh Districts of Jharkhand. Purulia formed a part of Manbhum District of Bihar, but has been included in West Bengal according to a programme of state boundary reorganization in 1956 (District Gazetteer, Santhal Pargana, 1965).

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To measure the agricultural productivity and efficiency in Purulia District.

2. To analyze the identified problems as well as to suggest measures for better agricultural development in the study area.

DATABASE:

1. Literatures: Books, Reports and Papers.

2. Secondary databases: Agricultural Data from Block Development Offices of Purulia, District Statistical Handbook of Purulia-1981 and 2011 etc.

3. Primary databases: Field Survey to know village-wise cropping pattern and cultivation of crops on different categories of land (season-wise).

4. Police station maps from Departmental Cartography Lab- Burdwan University and Census 1961.

METHODOLOGY:

Productivity Index:

To study the index of productivity coefficient many scholars devised various formulas like Enyedi (1964), Shafi (1972 and 1974). Here, Enyedi’s formula has been used to measure the productivity index of different crops.

Productivity Index = Y/Yn ÷ T/Tn

Where,

Y is the total production of the selected crop in unit area.

Yn is the total production of the same crop on national scale.

T is the total cropped area of the unit area.

Tn is the total cropped area on national scale.

Agricultural Efficiency

Agricultural Efficiency is the aggregate performance of various crops in regard to their output per hectare but the contribution of each crop to agricultural efficiency is relative to its share of cropland. Various scholars have contributed different methods and techniques to measure agricultural productivity of a region like Kendall (1939), Shafi (1960), Khusro (1964), Sapre and Deshpande (1964), Bhatia (1967) and Jasbir Singh (1976). In the present paper Bhatia’s method has been used to measure agricultural efficiency. The formula is as follows:

Iya = Yc/Yr * 100

Where Iya= yield index of crop ‘a’, Yc = the hectare yield of crop ‘a’ in the component areal unit, Yr = the hectare yield of crop ‘a’ in the entire region.

Iya *Ca + Iyb * Cb + ………..+Iyn *Cn

Ei=----------------------------------------------------------------

Ca + Cb +……….+ Cn

Where, Ei is the agricultural efficiency index, Iya, Iyb,……….,Iyn are the yield indices of various crops, and Ca, Cb,…….Cn are the percentage of cropland under the different crops.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Extent of Cultivation

Land under plough is termed as cultivated land. Of all the usages to which the land is put, the important one is under cultivation. Because from these portions of land, food, the basic need of human being is obtained. The acreage, use and trend of cultivated land indicate the real economic picture of a particular region. Agriculture is the main stay of the people of the study area. There is a steady rise in area under cultivation except some villages like Radhamadhabpur, Bamni, Kulajanga etc. Causes of fluctuation from year to year are variation in monsoon and weather condition. Percentage of cultivated area and irrigated area to total area is high in the areas under gently sloping upland and moderately low land terrain geomorphic unit.

The cultivated land is distributed over most of the geomorphic units in the study area. The hilly tract presents a marked exception in this regard. Among the five major geomorphic regions hilly tract occupies low percentage of cultivated land (15.1%). In rest of the geomorphic regions, the percentage varies from 30 to 62 (Table.1). Among these gently sloping upland includes the highest percentage of cultivated land (61.22%).

Spatio-Temporal Growth of Cultivated Land:

The area under cultivation has changed from village to village in different years. Above 50 percent land of the 21 and 24 villages were under cultivation in 1981 and 2011 respectively. (Table-2)

Table 2: Village wise Cultivated Area (2011)

Percentage category of cultivated area to total area	Number of villages in each percentage category
Nil	275
10 and Below	720
10.1-20	586
20.1-30	355
30.1-40	201
40.1-50	198
50.1-60	97
60.1-70	89
More than 70	102
Total	2623

Source: Computed by Authors

Table.2 reveals that there are 275 villages which have no land for cultivation and 720 villages have 10 percent or less of their areas under cultivation. There are 102 villages which have more than 70 percent of their areas under cultivation.

Field Patterns of Cultivated Land:

‘Field pattern refers to the size, lay out and alignment of cultivated fields. The shape and size of plots largely depend upon the physical and cultural characteristics of an area, among which two factors slope and water requirement of different crops appear to have influenced the shape and size of plots’ (Singh and Dhillon, 1987, p.80). Different types of terracing can be easily sighted on the different geomorphic units of the Purulia upland and plain. On the hilly, rugged and upland areas the plots of cultivated land have been observed elongated, rectangular and are of both small and large sizes of holding depending upon the intensity of agricultural operations. The large size holdings are found mainly in the tribal areas where people are unable to show their interest in farming because of their poor economic condition.

System of Farming on the Cultivated Land:

Like other regions of India, the study area is also characterized by its seasonal agricultural practices. There are four main distinct and important farming systems practiced on the cultivated land in the study area – Bhadai (early autumn), Aghani (Late autumn), Rabi (Spring) and Garma (Summer). Bhadai crops are harvested in September-October, Aghani within November-December, Rabi in March-April and Garma crops are harvested in summer months.

Cropping Pattern:

In the study area, the normal distribution of crops exhibits a great deal of diversity which is largely related to the varying combination of the physical and non-physical determinants of the agricultural land utilization i.e. relief, soil, slope, climate, irrigation facilities, traditional social conditions etc. About 40-50 percent of the cultivated land is under single crop. The proportion of double and triple cropped area is very limited. However, there is ample scope for intensification of cultivation.

Productivity Index

Table 4: Productivity Index of different crops in Purulia District

Year	Crops
1980-81	Rice	Wheat	Cereals	Pulses	Oilseeds	Fibre	Miscellaneous Crops
1980-81	In 1980-81 Neturia, Kashipur, Manbazar-I, Jhalda-I, Puncha had very low productivity level. In 1980-81 high productivity was recorded in Bundwan.	During 1980-81 very low and low productivity in wheat production was recorded in all the Blocks except Joypur, Baghmundi, Barabazar, Hura, Kashipur, Raghunathpur-II.	In 1980-81 high productivity level in the production of cereals was recorded in Barabazar.	During 1980-81 in all Blocks except Neturia, Raghunathpur-II, Para, Purulia-II, Bundwan very low productive capacity of pulses was recorded. In 1980-81 moderate productive capacity was recorded in Neturia and Bundwan. In 1980-81 Purulia-II’s productivity index was very high i.e., in between 4.6 to 5.75.	During 1980-81 very low and low productivity in oilseed production was recorded in all the Blocks except Jhalda-I, Kashipur, Manbazar-I and Bundwan. In 1980-81 Bundwan was under very high productive region.	In 1980-81 high productivity level in the production of fibre was recorded in Barabazar.	In 1980-81 Neturia, Santuri, Raghunathpur-I and II, Para, Hura, Joypur, Jhalda-I, Arsha, Manbazar-II, Baghmundi, Balarampur, Barabazar had very low productivity level. In 1980-81 high productivity was recorded in Bundwan.
2010-11	In 2010-11 Purulia lost its productive capacity more. In 2010-11 this productive capacity goes down and Para recorded very high productivity level in rice production.	In 2010-11 Kashipur lost its productive capacity and was classified under very low productive region. Purulia-I and II had highest productivity capacity among all other Blocks in producing wheat in 2010-11.	In 2010-11 Barabazar lost its productive capacity and classified under low productive region and Jhalda-I recorded highest productivity capacity.	During 2010-11 except Bundwan, Neturia, Raghunathpur II, Para, Purulia-II lost its productivity capacity and recorded very low productivity index. In 2010-11 Neturia lost its capacity and was categorized under very low productive region. In 2010-11 moderate productive capacity was recorded in Hura.	In 2010-11 moderate productive capacity in oilseed production was recorded in Manbazar-I. In 2010-11 Kashipur and Jaipur were classified under high productive region.	In 2010-11 Barabazar lost its productive capacity and classified under low productive region and Hura, Bundwan, Jhalda-I recorded highest productivity capacity.	In 2010-11 Jhalda-I lost its productive capacity. In 2010-11 this productive capacity goes down and Kashipur, Jhalda-II recorded high productivity level in miscellaneous crop production.

Fig.2: Productivity Index of Rice in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Fig.3: Productivity Index of Wheat in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Fig.4: Productivity Index of Cereals in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Fig.5: Productivity Index of Pulses in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Fig.6: Productivity Index of Oilseeds in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Fig.7: Productivity Index of Fibre in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Fig.8: Productivity Index of Miscellaneous Crops in Purulia District of 1980-81 and 2010-11

Agricultural Efficiency

Fig.9: Agricultural Efficiency of Purulia District, West Bengal

Table 5. Agricultural Efficiency in Purulia District

Year	Classes
	High efficiency areas (39.96 to 49.95)	Moderate efficiency areas (29.97 to 39.96)	Low efficiency areas (19.98 to 29.97)	Very low efficiency areas (0 to 19.98)
1980-81	This category comprised the Block Raghunathpur-II and Puncha in 1980-81. In 1980-81 per hectare production of mentioned crops was higher than others in Para.	This category comprised only Jhalda-I and Barabazar Block in 1980-81.	Low efficiency areas includes Raghunathpur-I, Kashipur, Neturia, Hura, Bundwan, Jhalda-I in 1980-81.	In 1980-81 rest of the Blocks was under this category.
2010-11	In 2010-11 only Para has been found in this category. Efficiency level goes down.	In 2010-11 Neturia, Joypur, Puncha have been found under this category.	In 2010-11 Jhalda-II, Barabazar, Santuri, Purulia-II were categorized under low efficiency areas in addition with the mentioned Blocks of 1980-81.	In 2010-11 except Para, Jaipur, Neturia, Purulia-II all the Blocks which were categorized under this class in 1980-81 retains the same efficiency level in this time period.

Table 6. Village Wise Cropping Pattern

Sl. No.	Name of Village	Cropping pattern
1	Pitidiri (Bagmundi hilly tract)	Paddy-Maize-Bjra-Vegetables
2	Tarhad (Jhalda-I, hilly tract)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Sugarcane-Pulses-Vegetables
3	Lakshmipur (Jhalda-II, hilly tract)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Sugarcane-Pulses-Vegetables
4	Radhamadhabpur (Neturia, hilly tract)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
5	Popo (Bundwan, hilly tract)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
6	Bamni (Arsha, hilly tract)	Paddy-Oilseeds-Sugarcane-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
7	Shrirampur (Baghmundi, piedmont zone)	Paddy-Maize-Bajra-Potato-Vegetables
8	Kulajanga (Jhalda-I, Piedmont zone)	Paddy-Wheat-Sugarcane-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
9	Manpura (Neturia, Piedmont zone)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Gram-Potato-Vegetables
10	Shamnagar (Bundwan, Piedmont zone)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Potato-Bajra-Vegetables
11	Rigid (Jhalda-II, Piedmont zone)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
12	Tanasi (Arsha, Piedmont zone)	Paddy-Maize-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
13	Bhursudi (Baghmundi, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
14	Gosaindih (Jhalda-I, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Sugarcane-Maize-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
15	Maldih (Balarampur, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
16	Kadampur (Barabazar, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
17	Shyamnagar (Hura, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
18	Bharatdih (Puncha, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
19	Damda (Purulia-I, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
20	Chunardi (Purulia-II, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
21	Baltora (Santuri, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
22	Hatinada (Joypur, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
23	Khayerbani (Manbazar-I, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
24	Baruipara (Neturia, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
25	Lipanya (Para, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
26	Supudi (Bundwan, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
27	Tatuara (Jhalda-II, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Sugarcane-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
28	Hensla (Arsha, Gently sloping)	Paddy-Wheat-Maize-Pulses-Sugarcane-Vegetables
29	Gourangadih (Kashipur, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
30	Nutandi (Raghunathpur-I, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
31	Ruknibera (Raghunathpur-II, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
32	Tentulhiti (Para, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
33	Kotaldih (Santuri, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
34	Sindurpur (Purulia-II, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
35	Delang (Puncha, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
36	Gopalnagar (Manbazar-I, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
37	Bari (Manbazar-II Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
38	Bhamaria (Neturia, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
39	Dumkadih (Hura, Moderately low land)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
40	Bheti (Santuri, Low gradient rugged terrain)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
41	Birbaldi (Neturia, Low gradient rugged terrain)	Paddy-Wheat-Oilseeds-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
42	Salanchi (Raghunathpur-I, Low gradient rugged terrain)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
43	Chandra (Raghunathpur-II, Low gradient rugged terrain)	Paddy-Wheat-Pulses-Potato-Vegetables
Source: Based on Field Survey

Table 7. Cultivation of Crops on Different Categories of Land (Season-wise)

Sowing period	High land Baid		Medium land Kanali		Low land Bahal
Sowing period	Irrigated	Unirrigated	Irrigated	Unirrigated	Irrigated	Unirrigated
Apr to Jun	Maize-Mung	-	Maize-Mung	-	Maize-Mung	-
Apr to May	-	Mung	-	Mung	-	Mung
May to Oct	-	Gora dhan	-	-	-	-
May to June	Maize-Ground nut	-	-	-	-	-
Jun to Sep	-	Ragi, Arhar	-	Paddy	-	-
Sep to Nov	-	Soyabean, Surguja	-	-	-	-
Jul to Oct	Paddy	Paddy	Paddy	-	-	-
Jun to Dec	-	-	-	Paddy	Paddy	Paddy
Oct to Dec	Potato, Vegetables	-	-	-	-	-
Oct to Nov	-	Arhar, Til, Surguja	Wheat, Mustard Seed, Sugarcane	Mustard Seed, Linseed	-	-
Oct to Mar	-	-	-	Gram, Linseed	Gram	Gram
Nov to Mar	-	-	Wheat, Mustard Seed, Sugar cane	-	-	-
Dec to Mar	Mung, Onion, Vegetables	-	Sugarcane	-	Mung	Mung
Source: Based on Field Survey

Agricultural Production:

In the study area, overall agricultural production is low to medium. Undulating topography, rocky and waste land, scarcity of water, medium to low soil fertility are the main causes of medium to low agricultural production. The production of agriculture is not same in all the geomorphic units. It varies both in respect of space and time. The variation in the production is related to a great extent to the facilities of irrigation (which are again related to the physiographic peculiarities), tenancy structure, modes of labour employment and input levels.

FINDINGS:

1. There is a steady rise in area under cultivation except some villages like Radhamadhabpur, Bamni, Kulajanga etc.

2. Percentage of cultivated area and irrigated area to total area is high in the areas under gently sloping upland and moderately low land terrain geomorphic unit.

3. Hilly tract occupies low percentage of cultivated land (15.1%).

4. Gently sloping upland includes the highest percentage of cultivated land (61.22%).

5. There is 275 villages which has no land for cultivation and 720 villages which has 10 percent or less of their areas under cultivation.

6. There are 102 villages which have more than 70 percent of their areas under cultivation.

7. The large size holdings are found mainly in the tribal areas where people are unable to show their interest in farming because of their poor economic condition.

8. Bhadai crops are harvested in September-October, Aghani within November-December, Rabi in March-April and Garma crops are harvested in summer months.

9. The normal distribution of crops exhibits a great deal of diversity which is largely related to the varying combination of the physical and non-physical determinants of the agricultural land utilization i.e. relief, soil, slope, climate, irrigational facilities, traditional social conditions etc.

10. About 40-50 percent of the cultivated land is under single crop. The proportion of double and triple cropped area is very limited.

11. No village of different geomorphic unit has same cropping pattern.

12. Cropland in the Purulia upland and plain area may be classified into four lands e.g. Danga (non-agricultural high land), Baid (High level land), Kanali (Medium level land), Bahal (Low level land).

13. Main agricultural crops of the study area are rice, maize, wheat, bajra, gondly, arhar, gram, kulthi, surguja and kudrum etc.

14. Productivity Index of Rice and Miscellaneous Crops (Sugar Cane, Vegetables etc.) has shown a steady rise otherwise all food grains and non-food grains recorded more or less same productivity index.

15. Agricultural Efficiency in the district goes down in 2010-11 in comparison to 1980-81.

MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE:

Discussions reveal almost standing structure of land utilization of sample villages from different geomorphic units of 1981 and 2011. There is a little scope for extending the agricultural lands. The only category of lands which is left for extension of cultivation is the cultivable waste. These lands can be converted into crop land mainly through providing irrigation water to these lands.

It has been observed during the field observation that the problem of soil erosion is very acute in the cultivated land of the study area. The expansion of cultivated land use in the study area therefore can be increased through appropriate measures such as prevention of soil erosion, through land leveling, check dams, gully plugging, contour bunding, afforestation and a rationale use of cultivated land.

Considering the dominance of agriculture in the study area, the stability of agricultural land use intensity and extent depend upon irrigation which must be given supreme priority in the agricultural land use planning. Owing to the physical inequalities the scope of river irrigation is limited. To overcome the problem, alternative measures like planned conservation of rain water, ground water, rain fed pond etc. are to be adopted. Besides, water reservoirs are to be developed through construction of earthen dams across stream flowing rivers and streams.

The haphazard allocation of area to different crops by individual farmers must be checked. Instead, Ministry of Agriculture, GoI should prescribe the extent to which different crops can be cultivated in particular region.

Block Planning Officer must be appointed who could plan the crops for each season according to the changes in season and other factors like prices, yields etc. The farmers should keep close contact with Department of Agriculture, Irrigation etc. so that the programmes chalked out for can be implemented.

An Agriculture Mechanization Corporation may be set up which will provide the farmer the requisite farm machinery and equipments preferably on loan basis in easy installments.

Overall agricultural production can be increased with the use of high yielding seeds, use of optimum quantities of fertilizers, better irrigation facilities, systematic protection of crops from pests and plant disease, better agricultural implements and other agricultural devices.

Govt. should give the greatest importance to the promotion of transport and consolidation of land holdings.

REFERENCES:

1. District Gazetteer (1965): Santhal Pargana Secretarial Press, Bihar, Patna, pp. 207.

2. Bhatia, S, S. (1965): Patterns of Crop Combination and Diversification in India, Economic Geography, Vol. 41, p.45.

3. Enyedi, G.Y. (1964): Geographical Types of Agriculture, Budapest, Applied Geography in Hungary, p. 56.

4. Gibbs, J., and Martin, W. (1962): Quantitative techniques in Geography: An introduction, R. Hammond and P.S. MC Gullagh. Clerendon press, Oxford, p.21.

5. Hangaragi, S.S. (2010): Patterns of Crop diversification in Bagalkot, District of Karnataka, The Deccan Geographer, Vol.48, No.1 pp. 49-57

6. Kendall, M.G. (1939): The Geographical Distribution of Crop Productivity in England, Journal of the Royal Society, pp.21-48.

7. Sapre, S. G. and Deshpande, V. D. (1964): Inter district Variations in \Agricultural Efficiency in Maharashtra State, India Journal of Agricultural Economics, pp.242-252.

8. Shafi, M. (1960): Measurement of Agricultural Efficiency in Uttar Pradesh, Economic Geography, pp. 296-305.

9. Singh, J. (1976): Agricultural Geography, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi, p.176.

10. Singh, J. and Dhillon. (1987): Agricultural Geography, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 80.

11. Stamp, L. D. (1950): The Land of Britain: Its Use and Misuse, London, p. 208.

Received on 09.03.2019 Modified on 16.04.2019

Int. J. Rev. and Res. Social Sci. 2019; 7(2):283-292.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2687.2019.00016.9

Sl. No.	Geomorphic regions	Total area (hec.)	Area under cultivation (hec.)	% of area under cultivation to the total area of the region
1	Hilly tract	75000	11322	15.1
2	Piedmont zone	86500	25672	29.7
3	Gently sloping upland	203400	124523	61.22
4	Moderately low land terrain	197500	116092	58.78
5	Low gradient rugged terrain	63500	17890	28.17